Bi-directional higher-order cascaded Raman amplification benefits for 10 Gb/s WDM unrepeated transmission systems

Benefits provided by higher order bidirectional Raman pumping schemes in 10-Gb/s unrepeated wavelengthdivision- multiplexing transmission systems are experimentally quantified in terms of BER performances at 10 Gb/s. By keeping under control double-Rayleigh-scattering-noise-induced transmission penalties, which can degrade system performance at very high ON–OFF Raman gain, as well as nonlinear propagation effects such as Brillouin scattering, self- and cross-phase modulations, four-wave-mixing, and Raman-induced crosstalks, we show a total unrepeated system reach enhancement up to 3.5 dB with respect to first-order bidirectional pumping. As confirmed by theory, the maximum reach enhancement is mainly limited by pump-to signal relative intensity noise transfer induced by higher order copumping.