How do stakeholders perceive the impacts of Nature-based solutions? An Italian case study for coastal restoration and climate change adaptation.

The escalation of natural disasters linked to climate change has underlined the urgent need for effective risk management strategies to mitigate their adverse impacts on communities and economies. To address this, there is a growing emphasis on integrated ecosystem-based approaches, in particular Nature-based Solutions (NBS). NBS offer multiple benefits, including increased resilience and various societal, environmental and economic benefits. However, it is essential to conduct comprehensive evaluations considering both positive (benefits) and negative (costs) impacts across diverse domains. Our study aims to bridge existing gaps in the literature by analyzing potential synergies and trade-offs arising from NBS implementation. Building on previous research, we propose a participatory approach to assess stakeholders' perceptions of the economic, social, and environmental costs and benefits associated with NBS implementation. Through a case study in the Tuscany region as part of the Horizon project Regions4Climate, we seek to categorize stakeholders based on their impact and influence on NBS, providing valuable insights from both theoretical and practical perspectives. The anticipated outcomes include a framework mapping costs and benefits associated with NBS implementation against stakeholder perceptions, highlighting potential trade-offs and synergies, and a novel stakeholder classification based on impact intensity and influence degree